The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. Kipling offered moral justification for the bloody war the U.S. was fighting to suppress the independent Philippine regime following Spanish rule. 12, Issue 1, pp. 5 vols. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. Kiplings At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. Source:Library of Congress. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902Puckgraphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. It is difficult to grasp how the world turned upside down for the populations of Asia at the end of 1941 and the first three months of 1942, during Japans conquest of Malaya, Singapore, the W. H. P. Signs of Promise., Jones, Toby Craig. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsiaPacific Journal, Vol. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. While he originally wrote the poem to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, White Man's Burden: The social, religious and cultural excuses to justify imperialism and gunship diplomacy Posted on March 31, 2014 by JL Admin European imperialism of the last few centuries were heavily centered on the perceived moral responsibility of its leaders toward other supposedly backward regions of the world. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of theLifecartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) T he two main themes in The White Mans Burden are the duty and altruism of colonization, and the challenge of colonization. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons inPuckandJudge. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and The War Prayer was not published until 1916, six years after his death. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. Maineexploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. the supposed duty of the Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). 367-373 (1998). Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. 18, No. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Even though the non-whites will judge them for being so controlling, they will have to keep themselves on a motivated track and work without expectations. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines., Cullinane, M. Patrick. Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). As the golden goose, Chinas perceived mass market was to be protected for free trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers. Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909., Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US., Faunce, Rev. Hevia, James Louis. In the United StatesPuck,Judge, and the first version of a pictorial magazine titledLife; in FranceLAssiette au Beurre; and in Germany the acerbicSimplicissimuspublished masterful illustrations that ranged in opinion and style from partisan to thoughtful to gruesome. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress,Puckon occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. 77-99 (2011). These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. A Red-Letter Day. The Centre of Research on Globalization grants permission to cross-post Global Research articles on community internet sites as long the source and copyright are acknowledged together with a hyperlink to the original Global Research article. Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. The Laureate of Empire., Klein, Thoralf. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Maine. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. The weekly magazineJudge, a rival toPuckthat was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? nebraska teacher salary by district. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. Je lai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. Xiang, Lanxin. Now there are thirteen on this one street! President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in foreign lands. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. Newspapers carried pictures of corpses and stories of rape and plunder, notably in the wealthy merchant city of Tongzhou just before troops reached Beijing. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Appelbaum, Stanley. The more popular studies however have largely focused on the following four leadership perspectives: 1. The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. 32, No. 4, pp. Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. This belief was strengthened with literary works such as The White Mans Burden written in 1899 by British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. William!! Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. Vaughan, Christopher. 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