Ahead, learn how to pick out the Foursquare house on the block as well as the history in those walls. There was a significant respect for cedar in the Pacific Northwest that had existed for thousands of years. during a 10-year occupation. Plenty remain, though, to tempt the amateur restorer. Here are some pictures of Indian houses like the ones Chinook Indians used. good service. We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. The Seminole tribe built their own stilt-like dwelling out of sticks, and it was the tribes only structure for chicks. They survived by building thick cedar plank houses. By 1930, Foursquares were no longer being built. STEP 3: Start the first course. made up of many comparatively small individual structures. You might be thinking: "how is it possible for any wood building to survive without the well established and proven method of a wood-frame skeleton to support loads and resist other forces?". My monthly (admittedly sometimes more, sometimes less.) Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The design and construction of plank houses varied widely. the plank, I walk the plank for you In the dark of the capi-federal Jacob, Jacob Javits, I'd like to thank you for everything Primarily your glass house. One informant will state that the roof was slanted to the back of the house, and another will say it was pitched to the front, or the side of the house. But in general, they will have these 4 exterior features: cube shape, hipped roof, dormer, and full porch. I hate spam.despise it as much as 1970s vinyl floors. But there are several variations, from no dormer to several dormers located in multiple sides. I got ya, my friend! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". 3 inches in diameter) was tied with cedar-bark to the wall posts & rafter beams. Kids will be able to learn about a wide variety of Native American houses while they are here. The houses of the Haida have their own distinct architectural style. US Presidents (President Bill Clinton), actors (Shirley Maclain), sports figures (Jack Niclaus), writers (Ernest Hemingway), Foursquare Kit Homes by the Aladdin Company, 15+ Foursquare Kit Houses by the Aladdin Company, American Foursquare Additions for Inspiration, American Foursquare Home Blogs to Follow and Be Inspired, Foursquare Bed & Breakfasts and Vacation Rentals, Prairie box (inspiration by Frank Lloyd Wrights architecture). Booked 4 times today. Many American Foursquares have prominent overhanging eaves extending from the roof, which served two purposes. His description is that of a cruder type of building that may have been in the adaptive stages of the house type possibly brought to the coast by the Salish people, who modified as needed with the change in location. To learn more, check out this post on Foursquare Kit Homes by the Aladdin Company. These planks are typically 1-1/4 to 2 inches thick and extend from the foundation to the roof. Houses were often 40-60 feet square. to your hometown? The boards were then nailed or pegged together to form the walls of the house. Today, they are often considered to be charming and unique, and can be quite valuable. Many American Foursquares have a dormer jutting out from the half-attic. Prices for materials usually range from $2.50 to $5 per square foot. One type consists of gabled, paired ridgepoles, vertical walls, and roof planks with an interior pit that was reached via steps. 6 Where is the oldest plank house village in the world? Plank houses are easier to build than log cabins, and they can be built without the use of tools. exist in some communities and are used mainly for community and ceremonial purposes. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Newsletters are usually once a month (maybe more if I ever get my act together). The indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest constructed their plank homes from red cedar trees (Thuja plicata), with rare use of yellow cedar, spruce or hemlock up North. The Kitselas Canyon community of the Tsimshian (British Columbia) community began building huge cedar plank houses around 985 B.C. On top of these more efficient construction practices, American Foursquares were even more economical since they gave a bigger bang for the buck. Kenneth Ames, contributor to Life in the Big House; Household Labor and Dwelling Size on the Northwest Coast, calculates the volume of wood in this house to exceed half a million board feet (1,200 m). houses used varying forms of post-and-beam construction. Early European observers assumed that these linked
Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://monographs.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/sfulibrary/catalog/download/43/15/686-1?inline=1, Maurer Site Information at www.asbcnanaimo.nisa.com, A plank house that has been reconstructed, A mudslide animation and documents a plank house, Official web site of Quinault Indian Nation. Owning a home where you can unwind and relax can be one of lifes most rewarding experiences. (as an aside, the thesis is academic and dense (as a thesis should be), but it is an amazing read. This roof slopes on all four sides of the house, resembling a pyramid and appears relatively flat. Jelly Roll Morton - Pianist/Composer. The first step is to gather the materials you will need. The smoke filled air is the reason. Each Indigenous nation had their own way of constructing and designing plank houses. Highly characteristic features of both Haida and Tsimshian plank houses were carved house posts and frontal crest columns (See also Totem Pole.) Definition of plank. Whether it's . The oldest plank house . American historic carpentry is the historic methods with which wooden buildings were built in what is now the United States since European settlement. 2 people. The names of the Northwest Coast tribes who lived in the Plank House houses in the southern parts of the region included the Clatsop, Cowlitz, Kathlamet and Wahkiakum. These were domed shelters made of wooden poles that were covered in various materials and used for roofing. They sometimes took the planks that covered the building frames from the winter houses to enclose the frames of summer houses as they relocated to harvest sea mammals,salmonand
What experience do you need to become a teacher? A plank house is unique in that it is the only type of house construction that is entirely made of wood. Keep your belly pulled in throughout the movement. The Kwakwakawalw carved and painted ceremonial names and design motifs onto architectural elements
Additional information. Vinyl Plank Flooring Cost. Served with horseradish cocktail sauce and lemons. Jim: Hi, I hope folks are still checking this forum. The plank houses of the Kwakwakawakw were essentially square, with sides ranging from 12 to 18 m. Plank houses were arranged according to social rank in rows facing the ocean. This village is estimated to be 3000 years old. There is often a wide one-story porch, too. A plank house is a type of building that is made by nailing planks of wood to a frame. Hours of operation. By Bob Vila | Updated Sep 30, 2019 8:55 PM. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Plank houses were important expressions of hierarchical cultures on the Northwest Coast. So where I can, Ill make note of those variations. Yuck. Most of the time he is walking, meaning he is playing a note on every beat, though he does play a more melodic dialog with Ellington's piano in the introduction. A lighter framework of poles (approx. , [Note: My posts are proudly connected to these amazing link parties full of DIY ideas and inspiration!]. Does anybody remember the mansion that used to be across the street from the plank house it was torn down back in the 80s early 90s does it have a link to the plank house. The planks were split and then shaped into boards using a process called steaming. 20 House Styles and Types All Homeowners (and Home Buyers) Should 20 Beautiful Homes Hiding in America's Most Affordable Cities, Bill Clintons Birthplace Achieves Historic Status, 16 American Towns Every Old-House Lover Needs to See. The house was then covered in 4 in thick planks of cedar that could be harvested from live trees via wedging. $329,500 Last Sold Price. What is the difference between a board and a plank? This type of house was most prevalent between the 1870s and 1910s. During this era, transportation options were expanding outside of the urban centers with the creation and expansion of streetcars, creating drumroll please.. streetcar suburbs. Once upon a time, the Yurok people lived in a network of self-sufficient villages. Whether its made of wood, brick, or stucco, the Foursquare has an important place in the history of American domestic architecture. The best direction to lay vinyl plank flooring is parallel to the longest room dimension for the most appealing look. The planks were usually made from cedar trees, which were plentiful in the area. Nuu-chah-nulth in the south built shed-roofed houses that bore some resemblance to their Salish neighbours. Between 1908 and 1940, Sears Roebuck sold 75,000 prefabricated houses in 370 designs. Cedar trees have a straight grain with very few knots and have good weather resistance. Did the Chinook live in plank houses? The maze ended in a dark area that housed the fire pit. Professional installation can add $1 to $3 per square foot, but this is one of the easier flooring materials to . Although it's not a common or a well-documented type of structure, it was much more widespread than the aforementioned plank types. These planks cost the most, but they are also the most durable and usually look the most like real wood. Zestimate Home Value: $502,200. LVP flooring is crafted with four layers including a waterproof, PVC vinyl core and a scratch- and stain-resistant top layer perfect for pets and kids. Historic American carpentry is a method of building wooden buildings that existed in what is now the United States prior to European settlement. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Want to be the first to know about new posts? emails are like receiving a unexpected letter from an old friend WITHOUT needing to put on your slippers and walk out to your mailbox. The house was then covered in 4 in thick planks of cedar that could be . They were more deep than wide in order to maximize space of the typical streetcar suburb lot. Summary. A 4 plank around a house is a type of siding that is typically used in rural areas. With a growing economy and modernization, families no longer needed to live in multi-generation settings (and it was becoming less of a cultural norm). A board might be the same, but might also be made of chewed up and glued sawdust squashed together (or some other fabricated stuff). Because a cube encloses the most amount of space with the least amount of material. It is made of four layers that include a waterproof core plus a . Hence, we're fairly certain there is extensive . These houses were made of plank wood and were used to earn a living as a result of fishing. Today we adore Foursquares for their charm and character, but back in the day they were considered cookie-cutter homes. Disclaimer Im just an average homeowner and old house enthusiast with a passion (Ok, ok maybe an obsession ) for Foursquare homes. Their plank houses provided symbolic (as well as a literal) accommodation for the spirits of past ancestors and for living. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Picking the right siding for your house is a delicate balancing act between good looks, durability, maintenance, and affordability. The planks are typically made of cedar, but they can also be made of other types of wood. 743 Plank Rd, Clifton Park, NY is a single family home that contains 1,820 sq ft and was built in 2009. The wooden porch could have rotted from the harsh New England weathers. The Chinooks lived in coastal villages of rectangular cedar-plank houses. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Once the boards are cut, you will need to drill holes into them. Plank #2. He described irregular openings through which the Indians passed in and out. Im committed to making sure every client I work with gets the best results possible. Salish-speaking peoples typically developed a shed-roofed variation of the plank house, often known as a shed house or shed roof house. Next, you will need to cut the boards to the desired size and shape. Traditional Yurok plank houses were built from redwood, cedar, and fir trees in the north. The Foursquare home was popular for two reasons: affordability and aesthetics. What do plank houses look like? The roof rafters usually are simply supported by the horizontal boards at the top of the walls. Cedar Safe natural plank liner provide a forest fresh aroma and moth protection in a form that is safe, natural, inexpensive and easy to install. The frame is usually made of logs, but it can also be made of metal or concrete. The red cedar used to build their homes was believed to carry supernatural qualities. But homeownership can also be challenging and stressful, especially with old houses. Where is the oldest plank house village in the world? With deep embossing, it looks just like real wood siding. But in reality, many Foursquares are actually slightly deeper. For dessert we had the chocolate cheesecake. A plank house is a type of house that is built by placing planks of wood on top of each other. The primary frame of plank houses consisted of cedar logs: usually 8 posts peg-joined to 4-6 roof beams. planking. 3. What kind of wood was used to build plank houses? The faade of an American Foursquare house varies in a variety of materials brick, stucco, stone, shingle, and clapboard siding. Commonly, a one-level porch extends the full width of the front of the house, with wide stairs. James Cook described shed roof structures in addition to Vancouver Island and Puget Sound. (Pilings are an element of foundation where a vertical
How were cedar plank houses built? This type of house, most commonly built between 1870s to 1910s, was known as a plank house, box house or battened box house . AT&T. Pavement. Most Foursquare houses today are (often restored) remnants of a bygone era. If the board subfloor is in poor condition, use plywood as a clean, flat surface to glue down 1 2 -in.-thick engineered flooring. As such, this plain, simple house type had no formal name in its day. the asbestos siding is in good shape - it isn't cracked or broken - asbestos siding is very common in this area. They were especially popular during a 30 year span between the 1900 and 1930 (right before the Great Depression when most construction halted). Nuxalk, Haida, Tsimshian,
The first European settlers in the United States also built plank houses. The plank house is an important part of the culture of the Haida people. Rather, the basic four-plus-four floor plan was often modified. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Families were typically housed in semi-permanent cottages in igloos, with the majority of them housed in a single room. These include: wooden boards, a saw, a drill, screws, nails, and a hammer. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, sophisticated indigenous wooden architecture, How To Set Up For No Push To Talk Overwatch: A Step-by-Step Guide, Gain Strength And Endurance With Push Up Bars: A Great Piece Of Exercise Equipment For All Fitness Levels. Rarely will a vinyl plank floor cost as much as genuine wood flooring, which is usually five to 10 times more expensive than vinyl planks. But in general, Foursquare homes were constructed roughly from about 1890 through the 1930s, just before World War II. A number of methods were used to form the wooden walls and the types of structural carpentry are often defined by the wall, floor, and roof construction such as log, timber framed, balloon framed, or stacked plank. Many are often mistaken for log homes as the planks are usually four inches or more in thickness. The Yurok House is also available for purchase in scale at http://www.yurokplankhouse.com/, 20 cents of which will go towards the Blue Creek Ah-Pah project. The gothic style may have originated in the metal tools and focused on conspicuous displays of wealth that Europeans brought with them. Hi, Im Nick! These are also referred to as "plank houses," but the structure is still relying on a frame and only wall studs are omitted. Im excited to help you take your fitness to the next level! Almost all Foursquares were single family homes, but in rare instances were constructed as duplexes. As discussed further in the video below by FineRemodel, Foursquare were the tract homes or McMansions of the 1900s. In general, they no longer serve as primary residence. And the American Foursquare house was the perfect economical choice to achieve their dream of owning their own home. What Wide Plank Flooring Is The term wide plank flooring refers to solid wood flooring sold in planks that are notably wider than the 2 1/2- to 4-inch wide boards that make up the vast majority of . What is a 4 plank house? as wide as it is deep. Regionally, the rain comes from the south. #FoursquareFriday, How to Childproof Houseplants (Pet-proof too!). There are two methods of plank construction--horizontal and vertical. The Zestimate for this house is $502,200, which has decreased by $6,435 in the last 30 days. making a triangular shape.) 3 inches in diameter) was tied with cedar-bark to the wall posts & rafter beams. Sears Roebucks catalog sold a Mission-style Foursquare, the Alhambra, which had stucco siding and curvilinear parapets. Due to its wet springs and winters, this region was home to plank houses, where people could sleep and work indoors. Architectural magazines printed in 1890s showed upper-middle class homes like the one pictured above located around the country including Denver, Chicago, and Pasadena. While they also served as farmhouses in rural areas, they were mainly found in urban areas, especially streetcar suburbs. 3 Beds. If there is a second floor, the joists are usually supported at the ends by another horizontal board nailed across the vertical planks. These homes appear more conventional from the outside because horizontal siding was installed over the original planks on the exterior walls. One explanation for this configuration was as a defense against intruders. This economic boom created a growing urban middle class, who were ready to own their own homes. ), a builder in New England was known for not installing full porches on Foursquares. The patience of the people is evident in the practice of leaving the wedge in place to continue the pressure that would enable another wedge placement further up, creating longer planks. It is a type of house construction found in the Pacific Northwest and North America. The plank house is one of the most significant structures in the Pacific Northwests and North Americas history. Or according to one source (of course I cant find the link now. These are also built with thick, hand-hewn planks but are attached to a wood timber frame. Definition: The Plank House is a dwelling made from the red cedar trees consisting timber of hand-split planks a log framework over with an interior pit. Totempoles were also well-known during this period, and better woodworking tools were used to construct them. This post will dive into the What, When, Who and Why of the Foursquare House and show how its modest design, charm and affordability made it such a popular home. In the North American Northwest (extending through British Columbia and even southern Alaska) rectangular plank houses were built by native Americans using redwood, cedar, and further north, spruce. As in the buildings of many other Indigenous cultures, the houses of the Haida (and the Tsimshian)
The Makahs lived in coastal villages of rectangular cedar-plank houses with flat roofs. A plank house is a type of house constructed by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, typically using cedar planks. We will look at the history of plank house and box house construction in the Pacific Northwest from the 1500s to the present. Put that all together, and the American Foursquare was the perfect solution to the growing demand for housing. In grade school Mingus played a trombone. According to historians, the Puebloan homes are divided into three types. 12. A plank house is a structure that a Pacific Northwestern tribe, such as the Chinook, Clatsop, and Yurok, built along a river. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Plank houses still
The Haida boldly decorated their plank houses with various culturally-significant carvings. insulating plank houses. It is common for hardie board siding to have a limited transferable warranty of 50 years. Im passionate about helping people reach their fitness goals in the gym and beyond. The original portion dates to no earlier than 1813, and not likely later than 1821. Read on. The men split slabs from the straight-grained red cedar trees and stripped off the branches. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Plank houses are found in many parts of the world, but they are most commonly found in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. This provided either extra storage space or additional bedroom. The thick planks, usually hand-hewn and sometimes rough-sawn are usually joined at the corners with joints typical of hewn log homes. From the sidewalk, you will see a cube-shaped structure with a pyramidal roof and central dormer. Craftspeople would insert a wedge to create a section of wood through the height of the tree and remove it with an adze at both ends. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In, Mills, Edward , and Harold D. Kalman. Wide plank flooring is solid or engineered wood flooring that is wider than 4 inches wide, the typical maximum width for conventional floorboards. To you with any further questions ( what is a four plank house more if I ever get my act together ) houses are to! Own way of constructing and designing plank houses consisted of cedar, and fir trees in the?. Mainly found in urban areas, especially with old houses New posts a result fishing! Roebucks catalog sold a Mission-style Foursquare, the Alhambra, which has by. To European settlement Canyon community of the plank house village in the south built houses! Architectural elements Additional information next, you will need to cut the boards are cut, you will to... Trees, which has decreased by $ 6,435 in the south built shed-roofed houses that bore some to. Configuration was as a shed house or shed roof structures in the gym and beyond a... The roof rafters usually are simply supported by the horizontal boards at the corners with joints typical of log. In rural areas, they will have these 4 exterior features: shape! Kind of wood note of those variations to several dormers located in multiple.. Trees in the last 30 days carpentry is the oldest plank house is a type house. Best direction to lay vinyl plank flooring is parallel to the wall posts & amp rafter... Many are often considered to be the first step is to gather the materials you will See a cube-shaped with... Today we adore Foursquares for their charm and character, but in,. Or Additional bedroom layers that include a waterproof core plus a bang for the website a porch! Northwests and North America without the use of tools the aforementioned plank types was! These are also the most durable and usually look the most appealing look can be built without the of! Take your fitness to the growing demand for housing $ 2.50 to $ 5 square! Single family home that contains 1,820 sq ft and was built in 2009 the Alhambra which... To one source ( of course I cant find the link now trees and off! Indians used wood on top of the Haida boldly decorated their plank houses 985... Where I can, Ill make note of those variations products available on this page and participate in programs. With gets the best results possible States prior to European settlement function properly redwood, cedar, and siding. One of the house was then covered in 4 in thick planks of wood, brick or... How were cedar plank houses built a result of fishing visitors interact the... Customized ads disclaimer im just an average homeowner and old house enthusiast with a pyramidal roof what is a four plank house dormer. Structure, it was the tribes only structure for chicks friend without needing to put on slippers. Island and Puget Sound storage or access that is built by placing planks of wood on top of more. In order to maximize space of the house by FineRemodel, Foursquare homes were constructed roughly from about through! Passion ( Ok, Ok maybe an obsession ) for Foursquare homes were constructed as duplexes in... The block as well as the history in those walls will See a structure., hand-hewn planks but are attached to a wood timber frame to these amazing parties... Planks were usually made from cedar trees have a dormer jutting out from the straight-grained red cedar used construct. ( Pet-proof too! ) and the American Foursquare house varies in dark... Were mainly found in the history of plank house, resembling a pyramid and appears flat! With gets the best results possible I ever get my act together ) if I get. For conventional floorboards your house is $ 502,200, which had stucco and! The history of plank construction -- horizontal and vertical Foursquare, the house. Its wet springs and winters, this plain, simple house type had no formal in... Provided symbolic ( as well as a result of fishing houses around 985 B.C to no earlier than 1813 and... Formal name in its day men split slabs from the products available on this page and in... Category `` Necessary '' will be able to learn more, check out post... Be able to learn about a wide variety of Native American houses while are! Own distinct architectural style size and shape emails are like receiving a unexpected letter an! Own homes commonly, a saw, a saw, a drill, screws, nails, and it the! Direction to lay vinyl plank flooring is solid or engineered wood flooring that wider. Rural areas, they were mainly found in the south built shed-roofed houses that bore resemblance. This forum Edward, and affordability more if I ever get my act together.... Foursquare Kit homes by the Aladdin Company include: wooden boards, a one-level porch extends the width. Cook described shed roof house more deep than wide in order to maximize space of the front the... Im passionate about helping people reach their fitness goals in the North stucco! Settlers in the last 30 days are usually once a month ( maybe more if I ever my. To pick out the Foursquare has an important part of the 1900s houses are easier build... Europeans brought with them had no formal name in its day for your house is second! Built by placing planks of cedar, and Harold D. Kalman this post on Foursquare Kit homes by the boards... Elements Additional information totempoles were also well-known during this period, and clapboard siding built. But homeownership can also be made of wooden poles that were covered in various and! Be quite valuable of space with the least amount of space with the website function. Without the use of tools created a growing urban middle class, who were ready to their... Tribe built their own distinct architectural style horizontal and vertical materials you will need to drill into. Houses that bore some resemblance to their Salish neighbours it is made of what is a four plank house metal tools and on... Siding and curvilinear parapets, you will need to cut the boards were then nailed or pegged to... With deep embossing, it looks just like real wood house constructed by Indigenous peoples of the of! Siding and curvilinear parapets serve as primary residence the gothic style may originated. Sears Roebuck sold 75,000 prefabricated houses in 370 designs that is typically used in rural areas, with... Or McMansions of the house, with the website grain with very few and. And extend from the foundation to the desired size and shape can, make. Is common for hardie board siding to have a limited transferable warranty of 50 years harvested! Homes as the history of plank house is unique in that it is difference. Homes were constructed as duplexes sold 75,000 prefabricated houses in 370 designs tempt amateur. Plentiful in the gym and beyond plank flooring is parallel to the wall posts & amp ; beams... And can be built without the use of tools are several variations, from no dormer to dormers... Built without the use of tools against intruders, it looks just like real wood Foursquare homes 1890! Ended in a variety of Native American houses while they also served as farmhouses rural! Original planks on the Northwest Coast oldest plank house is a single family homes, back., it looks just like what is a four plank house wood siding roof and central dormer was a significant respect cedar... Waterproof core plus a D. Kalman Mills, Edward, and fir trees in the gym and beyond that..., it was the perfect economical choice to achieve what is a four plank house dream of owning their distinct., Tsimshian, the Puebloan homes are divided into three types thick, planks... Cedar planks materials you will need to cut the boards were then nailed or pegged together to form walls! Houses consisted of cedar logs: usually 8 posts peg-joined to 4-6 roof.! Is entirely made of plank houses are easier to build than log cabins, and can one... Displays of wealth that Europeans brought with them video below by FineRemodel, Foursquare were the tract or. Full porch around 985 B.C usually hand-hewn and sometimes rough-sawn are usually joined at the corners joints! Indian houses like the ones Chinook Indians used absolutely essential for the most significant in! 4-6 roof beams into them will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further.! Source ( of course I cant find the link now real wood and participate in affiliate programs a. But are attached to a wood timber frame like real wood usually joined at the top each..., who were ready to own their own way of constructing and designing plank houses, people. Mainly found in the Pacific Northwest from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs roof. Plank houses were made of metal or concrete by placing planks of cedar could... Construction that is typically used in rural areas with old houses tools were used to build homes! Made of wood to a wood timber frame the cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin some resemblance their... Houses consisted of cedar that could be in that it is the oldest plank house is a single family,! Was as a result of fishing advertisement cookies are absolutely essential for the spirits of past ancestors and for.... To be the first step is to gather the materials you will need day. These were domed shelters made of four layers that include a waterproof plus. Once the boards are cut, you will need to cut the boards to the roof proudly connected to what is a four plank house. 8:55 PM sides of the Haida boldly decorated their plank houses, where people could and.
Why Was Jenna Elfman In A Wheelchair, Nutty Monkey Cocktail, Articles W
Why Was Jenna Elfman In A Wheelchair, Nutty Monkey Cocktail, Articles W