doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1018813. Glutamine synthetase isozymes of Striga hermonthica and other angiosperm root parasites. Many beneficial organisms are either able to survive the solarization treatment or able to recolonize solarized soil (Sauerborn et al., 1989; Mauromicale et al., 2001). doi: 10.1071/SB05009, Thomas, H., Heller, A., Sauerborn, J., and Mller-Stver, D. (1999). Non-host facilitators, a new category that unexpectedly favours parasitic weeds. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.011, Losner-Goshen, D., Portnoy, V. H., Mayer, A. M., and Joel, D. M. (1998). Still, as the parasite is synchronized on the crop development this means in some cases that the change disfavoring the parasite could also limit the maximum potential yield for the crop. Parasitic plants probably evolved to recruit plant defense molecules as host recognition cues (Atsatt, 1977; Matvienko et al., 2001; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Plant Dis. Annu. Biol. 28 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Specialized Mechanisms in Broomrape Weeds for a Parasitic Mode of Life, Control Strategies Targeting Underground Broomrape Stages, http://www.terresinovia.fr/orobanche/carte.php, www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.2134/agronj2009.0014. Pest Manang. Phosphorous and nitrogen have been described to down regulate strigolactones exudation in some crop species (Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b, 2012). broomrape and bursage relationship. (2014). N-substituted phthalimides as plant bioregulants. Appl. Chem. 20, 423435. in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) germplasm. Effect of triiodobenzoic acid on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection and development in tomato plants. 2018 Aug;102(8):1477-1488. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0020-FE. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01669.x. Sci. Differential response of pea (Pisum sativum) to Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. If left uncontrolled during one or a few seasons, broomrape weeds build a hardly destructible seed bank in agricultural soils that further renovates at a rate of millions of seeds per ha each year a susceptible crop is infested. 47, 4453. Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.002335, Musselman, L. J., and Dickison, W. C. (1975). (2015). This work was cofunded by the European Union and INRA, in the framework of the Marie-Curie FP7 COFUND People Program, through the award of an AgreenSkills fellowship (under grant agreement n PCOFUND-GA-2010-267196) to MF-A with additional support by the INRA Division Sant des Plantes et Environnement., Abbasher, A. Appl. Induction of phenolic compounds in pea (Pisum sativum L.) inoculated by Rhizobium leguminosarum and infected with Orobanche crenata. Phytochemistry 34, 3945. Symbiosis 15, 6170. doi: 10.1002/ps.1738. This parasitic weed, unable to produce its own chlorophyll, survives only by attaching to the roots of a host plant, often with severe consequences. The majority of strategies aimed to manage autotrophic weeds do not necessarily work for broomrapes and those that provide a degree of success for broomrape need to be optimized for each broomrape-crop species combination, local environmental conditions and broomrape population. 14, 273278. Received: 07 October 2015; Accepted: 12 January 2016;Published: 19 February 2016. doi: 10.1038/nature07271, Gonsior, G., Buschmann, H., Szinicz, G., Spring, O., and Sauerborn, J. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1994). Fernndez-Aparicio M, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A. There have been some known cases in the Sacramento Valley, but I think its more than reported, Hanson said. Nitrate reductase is not detectable (Lee and Stewart, 1978) and activity of glutamine synthetase is very low (McNally et al., 1983). Hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), also known as branched broomrape, is a noxious pest around the world and can cause significant losses if crops are heavily infested. Privat, G. (1960). Crop Prot. doi: 10.1007/BF00029536, Tan, S., Evans, R. R., Dahmer, M. L., Sing, B. K., and Shaner, D. (2005). (1997). Acquisition of water is driven by a lower water potential in broomrape tissues (Ehleringer and Marshall, 1995). and their current disposition. Weed Res. Figure 1. Possible involvement of gibberellins and ethylene in Orobanche ramosa germination. Ecological aspects of nitrogen assimilation. J. Evol. This spatial/temporal frame defines the maximum host-reaching distance for successful broomrape parasitism. Crop Prot. doi: 10.1007/s11248-004-7546-1, Harb, A. M., Hameed, K. M., and Shibli, R. A. This treatment in the lab mimics the soil conditions in climatically suitable regions for broomrape such as Mediterranean non-irrigated agrosystems where the onset of warm and wet season coincides with the growth of juvenile stages of many annual crops (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007). Prez-Vich, B., Velasco, L., Rich, P. J., and Ejeta, G. (2013). Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. No-tillage improves broomrape control with glyphosate in faba-bean. 2022 Nov 29;12(12):1195. doi: 10.3390/metabo12121195. 16, 223227. Botany 88, 839849. The taxonomy of the group is somewhat contentious, and the American species of broomrape are sometimes placed in the genus Aphyllon. 2022 Feb 5;11(3):438. doi: 10.3390/plants11030438. 139, 194198. (1996). Soil fumigation with methyl bromide has been proved one of the most effective methods to eradicate broomrape seed bank, but this chemical has been banned from use due to its toxic effects on the environment (Joel, 2000; Hershenhorn et al., 2009). 120, 328337. Phytopathol. One step in the research is to learn if the tomatoes can grow through low level applications of the candidate herbicides. doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0052-y, Amsellem, Z., Zidack, N. K., Quimby, Jr P. C, and Gressel, J. These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. Whether the demethylation and host stimulation are independent or related processes remains to be clarified (Lechat et al., 2015). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00548.x. A multiple-pathogen strategy in which two or more pathogens are combined has been proved successful for the control of broomrape causing a synergistic effect that can lead to 100% broomrape control (Dor and Hershenhorn, 2003; Mller-Stver et al., 2005). The broomrape seed bank efficiency to initiate parasitism can be reduced by incorporation to the soil of several pathogens able to infect preattached broomrape stages such as Fusarium sp. Food Chem. Some compatible Rhizobium leguminosarum strains in peas decrease infections when parasitized by Orobanche crenata. Second, broomrape weed exerts their damage underground right after attachment and therefore, contact herbicides applied after broomrape emergence, e.g., 2,4-D, had no effect on limiting yield loss in the current crop. The parasitic plant genome project: new tools for understanding the biology of Orobanche and Striga. (2007). Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. Rev. In the fields I am aware of, the crop was destroyed, the field disked under and methyl bromide applied. Are pectinolytic activities of Orobanche cumana seedlings related to virulence towards sunflower? broomrape and bursage relationship. Plant Pathol. Elicitation of defense related enzymes and resistance by L-methionine in pearl millet against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola. The inductor potential of root exudates from a given species varies with the broomrape considered. Crops that reach their seed filling period earlier than broomrape initiates its underground bud development are able to restrict parasitic sink and endure parasitic damage (Manschadi et al., 1996; Grenz et al., 2005; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). 52, 10501053. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.004, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. 18, 463489. Intercropping systems cultivate simultaneously more than one species in close association to take agronomic advantage of biodiversity, competition, and complementarity between them. resistance available for faba bean breeding. A continuous phloem system between broomrape and its host has been microscopically observed at the terminal haustoria. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.19.090181.001235, Kebreab, E., and Murdoch, A. J. The efficient action of the biological control agent will depend on its ability to remain active over a large range of ecological conditions (Aly, 2007). One could even imagine situation Close related parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae such as Striga and Triphysaria use host derived phenolic derivatives to induce haustorium differentiation (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Albrecht et al., 1999; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). doi: 10.1016/1049-9644(92)90021-5, Abbes, Z., Kharrat, M., Delavault, P., Chabi, W., and Simier, P. (2009). The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60328-6, Lieberman, M. (1979). Plant Mol. Barry M. Goldwater Range (BMGR), West Cultural Affiliation Study. In this process, cellular expansion of the root meristem is redirected from longitudinal to radial and the root apex changes its form from conical to spherical. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Syst. Target-site resistances have been successfully developed in crops either by classical breeding such as sunflower, by screening mutagenized crop populations such as the case of oilseed rape or by transgenic techniques such as tomato, tobacco, carrots, and oilseed rape (Joel et al., 1995; Aviv et al., 2002; Slavov et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2005). 45, 379387. Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. Bot. Bandaranayake, P. C. G., and Yoder, J. I. Weed Res. Its efficacy for broomrape cultural control can be increased if the farmer includes trap and/or catch crops as components in the rotation (Rubiales et al., 2009b). (2007). doi: 10.1139/b94-075, Joel, D. M., and Portnoy, V. H. (1998). Inhibition of seed conditioning and subsequent germination mediated by inhibitors of GA synthesis reduces the receptivity of broomrape seeds to germination-inducing factors. Convergent evolution of strigolactone perception enabled host detection in parasitic plants. doi: 10.1086/283185, Auger, B., Pouvreau, J. The opposite agricultural practice deep-plowing, has been suggested to bring seeds of parasitic weeds to a depth with less oxygen availability and therefore a reduction in its germination capacity (Van Delft et al., 2000). Azospirillum brasilense is reported to inhibit broomrape radicle growth (Dadon et al., 2004). Pron, T., Vronsi, C., Mortreau, E., Pouvreau, J. Those interactions promote the broomrape seed bank remains dormant inhibiting the initiation of broomrape parasitism, and therefore its rates of seed bank replenishment. During the host penetration process, broomrape does not dissolve the host cells in its way toward vascular cylinder. doi: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0243.x, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Basso, S., Rubiales, D., and Evidente, A. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Several factors contribute to the fact that broomrape weeds remain an uncontrolled agricultural problem. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00583.x, Mabrouk, Y., Zourgui, L., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Simier, P., and Belhadj, O. (1995). Likewise, rapum is the partially . B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. 52, 699715. The consequent reduced flux of water and nutrients toward the parasite, low utilization of host-derived sucrose and lower levels of soluble proteins limits the parasitic sink strength and yield losses due to broomrape parasitism (Abbes et al., 2009). "It is a prolific seed producer. An alternative to the selective use of herbicides when target-site resistance is not available for a specific crop is the touchy use of repeated applications of non-selective herbicidal doses to promote sublethal effects for the crop but lethal effects to the initial stages of post-attached parasitism (Foy et al., 1989). Gain of host sensitivity in broomrape seeds at the end of the conditioning phase is mediated by demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter. 42, 5760. The majority of broomrape species are botanical wonders parasitizing wild host plants in natural ecosystems. Neither nitrogen nor lipid content change significantly during conditioning, while carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis seems to be crucial (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993, 2002; Mayer and Bar-Nun, 1994, 1997). Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). Although the effect of jasmonic-acid-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) against parasitic plants is less clear (Kusumoto et al., 2007; Hiraoka et al., 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010), strains of Pseudomonas sp. Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. J. Exp. Dor, E., and Hershenhorn, J. J. Agric. The use of several phytopathogenic fungi for broomrape control. McNally, S. F., Orebamjo, T. O., Hirel, B., and Stewart, G. R. (1983). The broomrape radicle shows no gravitropism and grows toward the host as a result of cell elongation. Hortic. 3586002. 54, 923927. 41, 127151. Ann. Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. Mmoire sur la Germination des Orobanches, Vol. The Effect of 10 Crop Plants That Served as Hosts on the Primary Metabolic Profile of the Parasitic Plant. Weed Res. Imazamox application timing for small broomrape (Orobanche minor) control in red clover. J. Accessibility Hanson is part of a team of UC researchers enlisted by the processing tomato sector to work on a plan to contain the damage caused by branched broomrape, should it become established enough that the California Department of Food and Agriculture zero-tolerance quarantine strategy is replaced by management programs. toria) when managed properly as a catch crop can result in up to a 30% reduction in the size of broomrape seed bank (Acharya et al., 2002). Food Chem. Tempting as it may be to keep an infestation secret, the consequences of risking spread of broomrape could be disastrous. Plant Microbe Interact. The reduction of ABA:GA ratio induced by stratification (conditioning) is enough to break dormancy and promote germination in dormant seeds of non-parasitic weeds but it is not enough for broomrape, which requires a further decrease in ABA levels induced by the activation of the ABA catabolic gene PrCYP707A1 (Lechat et al., 2012). We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. A better understanding of the biochemistry of host recognition in broomrape will facilitate the generation of control strategies targeting the haustorium development. The effect of nitrogenous compounds on in vitro germination of Orobanche crenata Forsk. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2009.00340.x, Drr, I. 42, 292297. Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review. In addition long lived seed banks under physiological dormancy ensure that germination will occur when a suitable host in its correct stage of development is present nearby (Rubiales et al., 2009b). Synthetic analogs of growth regulators can be successfully used to reduce parasitism by hampering the synchronization of the parasitic seed bank with the growth of the host. Control of Egyptian Broomrape in Processing Tomato: A Summary of 20 Years of Research and Successful Implementation. control. Nitrate is not toxic to broomrape as it lacks the ability to convert nitrate into ammonium (van Hezewijk and Verkleij, 1996). (2007). Bot. Front. Activity of some nitrogen assimilating enzymes has been reported low in broomrapes. Abiotic inducers of SAR thus represent an innovative approach to control broomrape parasitism. doi: 10.1614/WS-06-135, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., and Motta, A. Chae, S. H., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Joel, D. M. (2004). 52, 8386. 19, 211236. Orobanche crenata in UK- an update. 6, 269275. 65, 453459. Agric. 65, 540545. Systemic translocation of nanoencapsulated herbicides could improve this herbicidal approach (Prez-de-Luque and Rubiales, 2009). Crop Prot. 3585999. New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. An official website of the United States government. Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. Mediterr. 1, 139146. Nitrogen and carbon relationships between the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida and susceptible and tolerant faba bean lines. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) Plant Sci. (2009). Mol. Biol. doi: 10.1038/374220a0, Joel, D. M., and Losner-Goshen, D. (1994). Assessment of pathogenicity or damages toward non-target plants has to be carefully assessed in order to avoid environmental risks. Weed Res. (2007). 25, 803813. If successful, these studies could develop a strategy to limit the damage from broomrape if it becomes established and the strict quarantine is lifted. Effect of Brassica campestris var. J. Agric. Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Arfaoui, A., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Zourgui, L., et al. Broomrapes are sap-sucking 'plant pilferers' that steal their food from the roots of other . (2012). Persistence of GR7 and Striga germination stimulant(s) from Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. Bot. doi: 10.1051/agro:2001167. Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Soto, M. J., Rubiales, D., Ocampo, J. It is well-established in autotrophic plants that abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a positive regulator of induction of seed dormancy and its maintenance and gibberelins (GAs) antagonizes with ABA, promoting dormancy release and subsequent germination (Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006). doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers189, Lee, J. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn236. Engineered host crops harboring herbicide-resistance transgenes have not yet been commercialized for broomrape management (Gressel, 20092). Sci. Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) response to silicon nutrition in tomato (Solanum . MF-A wrote the paper. (2015). Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01645.x, Mwakaboko, A. S., and Zwanenburg, B. Successful broomrape control should target the underground broomrapes at their earlier life stages, prior attachment or as soon as it attach to the host, because of their highest vulnerability at those stages and the avoidance of yield loss in the current crop. (1999). Technol. Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Pouvreau J. Once in the parasite system, sucrose is not accumulated but metabolized to other compounds. doi: 10.1614/WS-04-088R1, Gozzo, F. (2003). doi: 10.1111/nph.12692, Logan, D., and Stewart, G. R. (1995). One of the materials we are trying is registered in California on wheat, and another is not registered in this state. Haustorium-inducing factors are structurally similar to allelopathic phytotoxins and gene expression of parasitic radicles exposed to haustorium-inducing factors is similar to that after radicle is exposed to phytotoxins (Tomilov et al., 2006). Jan 08, 2016. Israeli researchers developed a temperature/moisture model for application of low rates of an ALS inhibitor on processing tomatoes. Biol. Physiol. Few days after host vascular connection, the part of the broomrape seedling that remains outside the host root develops into a storage organ called tubercle. The plants have scales in place of leaves and may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white in colour. Control 36, 258265. Pest Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.009, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009b). Phytoparasitica 32, 2129. (2012). Divers. Control the Striga conundrum. Effects of brassinosteroids on conditioning and germination of clover broomrape (Orobanche minor) seeds. Crop Prot. Special interest arises from those metabolites with a favorable pattern of broomrape-specific effect (e.g., tenuazonic acid) and no described side-effect to other biosystems (Vurro et al., 2009). a close related parasitic weed genus, but these hormones are ineffective in promoting germination of broomrape weeds (Lieberman, 1979; Logan and Stewart, 1995; Berner et al., 1999; Joel, 2000; Toh et al., 2012). Crop Prot. hellofresh stock concentrate packets. in Africa and Near East. Biochem. A., Charnikhova, T., Fernandez, I., Bouwmeester, H., and Pozo, M. J. Recent advances in this research area has led to new, more stable strigolactone analogs and optimization of field application protocols and formulations (Bhattacharya et al., 2009; Zwanenburg et al., 2009; Mwakaboko and Zwanenburg, 2011). When resistant crops impose barriers to stop the parasitic development at this stage, broomrape exhausts and parasitism is quickly aborted. 2021 Feb 5;2(5):100166. doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100166. In addition, inhibitors of ABA catabolism inhibit the germination-triggering effect of host-derived strigolactones. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Branched broomrape has recently been detected in isolated fields in Yolo, Solano and San Joaquin counties, but the processing tomato business has a history of investing in efforts to eradicate this potentially disastrous weed. Low strigolactone root exudation: a novel mechanism of broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) The timing of herbicide application is essential.. 20, 471478. Biol. Quinone oxidoreductase message levels are differentially regulated in parasitic and non-parasitic plants exposed to allelopathic quinones. Plant Growth Regul. Biological regulation of broomrapes. (2009). 6, 143. Barghouthi, S., and Salman, M. (2010). Influence of soil moisture on activity and persistence of the strigol analogue GR 24. Isr. 65, 478491. Striga seed avoidance by deep planting and no-tillage in sorghum and maize. National Library of Medicine Euphytica 186, 897905. Pest Manag. SA promotes resistance to broomrape. Sources of resistance to crenate broomrape among species of Vicia. Mller-Stver, D. (2001). In broomrape species, the chemistry of host recognition for haustorium initiation remains uncharacterized. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00241.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A. This method consists in heating the soil through sun energy achieving temperatures above 45C, by covering a wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 48 weeks during the warmest season (Katan, 1981; Mauro et al., 2015). A member of the tropical Silky Flycatcher family, males are a shiny black and females a charcoal grey. doi: 10.1007/s11103-008-9429-y. Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. 81, 779781. A better understanding in the roles of major hormones in the process of broomrape germination would facilitate the design of feasible control strategies based on either inhibition of broomrape germination during crop cultivation or promotion of suicidal germination in the absence of the crop. Phainopepla - the mistletoe bird. Ecological of weed seed size and persistence in the soil under different tilling systems: implications for weed management. control in pea (Pisum sativum L.) by foliar applications of benzothiadiazole (BTH). Transformation of carrots with mutant acetolactate synthase for Orobanche (broomrape) control. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00738.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., Jorrn, J., Cubero, J. I., and Rubiales, D. (2005). doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. Quimby, P. C. Jr., Zidack, N. K., and Boyette, C. D. (1999). Weed Sci. Sudan J. Agric. When they are applied in vitro to seeds of P. ramosa and O. minor, they bypass the effect of germination-inducing factors, promoting broomrape germination in absence of host or any germination stimulant (Cala et al., 2015). doi: 10.1002/ps.1706, Keywords: integrated pest management, Orobanche, Phelipanche, parasitism, germination, haustorium, plant recognition, seed bank, Citation: Fernndez-Aparicio M, Reboud X and Gibot-Leclerc S (2016) Broomrape Weeds. Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca with sulfonylurea herbicides in tomatopolyethylene bag studies, in International Parasitic Weed Symposium, eds A. Fer, P. Thalouarn, D. M. Joel, C. Musselman, and J. Resistance that occurs in the endodermis is mediated by lignification of endodermal and pericycle cell walls. Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. Eradication of Orobanche/Phelipanche spp. For instance, root exudates of field pea induces high germination of the very destructive broomrape species O. crenata, O. foetida, O. minor, and P. aegyptiaca, however, it only becomes infected by O. crenata therefore pea may theoretically be a good trap crop against O. foetida, O. minor, and P. aegyptiaca but not for O. crenata infested field (Fernndez-Aparicio and Rubiales, 2012). doi: 10.1614/WS-05-151R.1, Eizenberg, H., Lande, T., Achdari, G., Roichman, A., and Hershenhorn, J. Incorporation of sulfosulfuron and rimsulfuron directly to the soil provides successful control of preattached stages of broomrape weeds (Eizenberg et al., 2012). Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. In order to increase their applicability in low-input crops, the development of synthetic analogs of hormones would constitute a cheap alternative to natural bioregulators for seed bank control of weeds in general and parasitic weeds in particular. (2011). In this study, the temperature-dependent relationship was developed into a predictive model based on growing degree-days (GDD) for small broomrape parasitism in red clover. Besides arginine and aspartate, other major forms of amino acids translocate from the host phloem but they are rapidly utilized by broomrape. 2021 Apr 12;253(5):97. doi: 10.1007/s00425-021-03616-1. Using biotechnological approaches to develop crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. doi: 10.1002/ps.1735, Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Dor, E., Kapulnik, Y., and Goldwasser, Y. (2007). Thorie Elmentaire de la Botanique. Biotic inducers of systemic resistance have also proved being successful against broomrape parasitism under experimental conditions. Ehleringer, J. R., and Marshall, J. D. (1995). Despite the reports of broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation and broomrape dependence for host-derived organic forms of nitrogen demonstrated by the fact that broomrape growth is arrested when feeding on host cultivars with decreased amino acid-phloem levels (Abbes et al., 2009), inhibition of enzymes at the top of amino-acid biosynthetic pathway by means of either direct inhibitory action of herbicides (Gressel, 2009) or by feedback inhibition induced by amino-acid end-products (Vurro et al., 2006) are able to kill broomrape. In addition, accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds at the infection point can be observed in some resistant varieties.